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Chapter 7 bankruptcy is the liquidation variety: If you own property that isn't exempt under your state's laws, it may be taken and sold ("liquidated") to pay back some of your debt. Chapter 13 bankruptcy is the most common type of "reorganization" bankruptcy for consumers: You get to keep all of your property, but you must make monthly payments over three to five years to repay all or some of your debt.

Both kinds of bankruptcy have numerous rules -- and exceptions to those rules -- about what kinds of debts are covered, who can file, and what property you can and cannot keep.

Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

Chapter 7 bankruptcy can be filed by individuals (called a "consumer" Chapter 7 bankruptcy) or businesses (called a "business" Chapter 7 bankruptcy). A Chapter 7 bankruptcy typically lasts three to six months.

Property liquidation. In Chapter 7 bankruptcy, some of your property may be sold to pay down your debt. In return, most or all of your unsecured debts (that is, debts for which collateral has not been pledged) will be erased. You get to keep any property that is classified as exempt under the state or federal laws available to you (such as your clothes, car, and household furnishings). Many debtors who file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy are pleased to learn that all of their property is exempt.

Secured debt. If you owe money on a secured debt (for example, a car loan for which the car is pledged as a guarantee of payment), you have a choice of allowing the creditor to repossess the property; continuing your payments on the property under the contract (if the lender agrees); or paying the creditor a lump sum amount equal to the current replacement value of the property. Some types of secured debts can be eliminated in Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Eligibility for Chapter 7. Not everyone can file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. For example, if your disposable income is sufficient to fund a Chapter 13 repayment plan -- after subtracting certain allowed expenses and monthly payments for certain debts -- you won't be allowed to use Chapter 7 bankruptcy. For more on this and other requirements, see Chapter 7 Bankruptcy -- Who Can File?

Bankruptcy doesn't work on some kinds of debts. Though bankruptcy can eliminate many kinds of debts, such as credit card debt, medical bills, and unsecured loans, there are many types of debts, including child support and spousal support obligations and most tax debts, that cannot be wiped out in bankruptcy. For more information, see What Bankruptcy Can and Cannot Do.

For more information on Chapter 7 bankruptcy, see How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by attorney Stephen Elias, attorney Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard, J.D. (Nolo).

Chapter 13 Bankruptcy

Chapter 13 bankruptcy is also known as "wage earner" bankruptcy because, in order to file for Chapter 13, you must have a reliable source of income that you can use to repay some portion of your debt.

Repayment. When you file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you must propose a repayment plan that details how you are going to pay back your debts over the next three to five years. The minimum amount you'll have to repay depends on how much you earn, how much you owe, and how much your unsecured creditors would have received if you'd filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Debt limits. Your debts must be within limits set by the federal government: Currently, you may not have more than $1,010, 650 in secured debt and $336,900 in unsecured debt.

Secured debts. If you have secured debts, Chapter 13 gives you an option to make up missed payments to avoid repossession or foreclosure. You can include these past due amounts in your repayment plan and make them up over time.

For more information on Chapter 13 bankruptcy, see Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Repay Your Debts, by attorney Stephen Elias and Robin Leonard, J.D.

Other Types of Reorganization Bankruptcy

In addition to Chapter 13 bankruptcy, there are two other types of reorganization bankruptcy: Chapter 11 and Chapter 12.

Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Chapter 11 is typically used by financially struggling businesses to reorganize their affairs. It is also available to individuals, but because Chapter 11 bankruptcy is expensive and time-consuming, it is generally used only by those whose debts exceed the Chapter 13 bankruptcy limits (rare) or who own substantial nonexempt assets (such as several pieces of real estate). If you are considering Chapter 11 bankruptcy, you'll need to talk to a lawyer.

Chapter 12 bankruptcy. Chapter 12 is almost identical to Chapter 13 bankruptcy. But to be eligible for Chapter 12 bankruptcy, at least 80% of your debts must arise from the operation of a family farm. Chapter 12 bankruptcy has higher debt ceilings to accommodate the large debts that may come with operating a farm, and it offers the debtor more power to eliminate certain types of liens. Very few people use Chapter 12 bankruptcy; if you want to join their ranks, you should consult with a lawyer.

For More Information

For more information on whether bankruptcy is the right choice, see The New Bankruptcy: Will It Work for You?, by attorney Stephen Elias (Nolo).

What Bankruptcy Can and Cannot Do

Bankruptcy is a powerful tool for debtors, but some kinds of debts can't be wiped out in bankruptcy.

Bankruptcy is good at wiping out credit card debt, but you may have trouble eliminating some other kinds of debts, including child support, alimony, most tax debts, student loans, and secured debts.

What Bankruptcy Can Do

If you are facing serious debt problems, bankruptcy may offer a powerful remedy. Here are some of the things filing for bankruptcy can do:

Wipe out credit card debt and other unsecured debts. Bankruptcy is very good at wiping out credit card debt. Unless you have a special "secured" credit card, your credit card balance is an unsecured debt -- that is, the creditor does not have a lien on any of your property and cannot repossess any items if you fail to pay the debt. This is precisely the kind of debt that bankruptcy is designed to eliminate. Besides credit card debt, you may have other unsecured debts, and bankruptcy can wipe these out as well.

If you file for Chapter 13 rather than Chapter 7, you may have to pay back some portion of your unsecured debts. However, any unsecured debts that remain once your repayment plan is complete will be discharged.

Stop creditor harassment and collection activities. Bankruptcy can stop creditor harassment, but if the "harassment"' is simply phone calls and letters, there are simpler ways to stop it; . If the harassment is more serious -- for instance, if the creditor is about to repossess your car or foreclose your mortgage -- bankruptcy can help; .

Eliminate certain kinds of liens. A lien is a creditor's right to take some or all of your property and will survive bankruptcy unless you invoke certain procedures during your bankruptcy case. For more information, see How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by attorney Stephen Elias, attorney Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard, J.D. (Nolo).

What Bankruptcy Can't Do

Here's what bankruptcy cannot do for you:

Prevent a secured creditor from repossessing property. A bankruptcy discharge eliminates debts, but it does not eliminate liens. So, if you have a secured debt (a debt where the creditor has a lien on your property and can repossess it if you don't pay the debt), bankruptcy can eliminate the debt, but it does not prevent the creditor from repossessing the property.

Eliminate child support and alimony obligations. Child support and alimony obligations survive bankruptcy -- you will continue to owe these debts in full, just as if you had never filed for bankruptcy. And if you use Chapter 13, your plan will have to provide for these debts to be repaid in full.

Wipe out student loans, except in very limited circumstances. Student loans can be discharged in bankruptcy only if you can show that repaying the loan would cause you "undue hardship," a very tough standard to meet. You must be able to show not only that you cannot afford to pay your loans now, but also that you have very little likelihood of being able to pay your loans in the future.

Eliminate most tax debts. Eliminating tax debt in bankruptcy is not easy, but it is sometimes possible for older debts for unpaid income taxes. There are many requirements to be met, however.

Eliminate other nondischargeable debts. The following debts are not dischargeable under either Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy:

debts you forget to list in your bankruptcy papers, unless the creditor learns of your bankruptcy case
debts for personal injury or death caused by your intoxicated driving, and
fines and penalties imposed for violating the law, such as traffic tickets and criminal restitution.

If you file for Chapter 7, these debts will remain when your case is over. If you file for Chapter 13, these debts will have to be paid in full during your repayment plan. If they are not repaid in full, the balance will remain at the end of your case.

In addition, some types of debts may not be discharged if the creditor convinces the judge that they should survive your bankruptcy. These include debts incurred through fraud, such as lying on a credit application or passing off borrowed property as your own to use as collateral for a loan.

What Only Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Can Do

Chapter 7 can't help you with these situations, but Chapter 13 can:

Stop a mortgage foreclosure. Filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy will stop a foreclosure and force the lender to accept a plan where you make up the missed payments over time while staying current on your regular monthly payments. To make this plan work, you must be able to demonstrate that you will have enough income in the future to support such a repayment plan.

Allow you to keep nonexempt property. You don't have to give up any property in Chapter 13 because you use your income to fund your repayment plan.

"Cram down" secured debts that are worth more than the property that secures them. You can sometimes use Chapter 13 to reduce a debt to the replacement value of the property securing it, then pay off that debt through your plan. For example, if you owe $10,000 on a car loan and the car is worth only $6,000, you can propose a plan that pays the creditor $6,000 and have the rest of the loan discharged. However, under the new bankruptcy law, you can’t cram down a car debt if you purchased the car during the 30-month period before you filed for bankruptcy. For other types of personal property, you can’t cram down a secured debt if you purchased the property within one year of filing for bankruptcy.

For more information on Chapter 13 bankruptcy, see Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Repay Your Debts, by attorney Stephen Elias and Robin Leonard, J.D. (Nolo).

How Bankruptcy Stops Your Creditors: The Automatic Stay

After you file for bankruptcy, the automatic stay offers potent legal protection against bill collectors.

When you file for bankruptcy, something called the automatic stay immediately stops any lawsuit filed against you and most actions against your property by a creditor, collection agency, or government entity. Especially if you are at risk of being evicted, being foreclosed on, being found in contempt for failure to pay child support, or losing such basic resources as utility services, welfare, unemployment benefits, or your job (because of a raft of wage garnishments), the automatic stay may provide a powerful reason to file for bankruptcy.

What the Automatic Stay Can Prevent

Here is how the automatic stay affects some common emergencies:

Utility disconnections. If you're behind on a utility bill and the company is threatening to disconnect your water, electric, gas, or telephone service, the automatic stay will prevent the disconnection for at least 20 days. Although the amount of a utility bill itself rarely justifies a bankruptcy filing, preventing electrical service cutoff in January in New England might be justification enough.
Foreclosure. If your home mortgage is being foreclosed on, the automatic stay temporarily stops the proceedings, but the creditor will often be able to proceed with the foreclosure sooner or later. If you are facing foreclosure, Chapter 13 bankruptcy is usually a better remedy than Chapter 7 bankruptcy, if you want to keep your house.
Eviction. If you are being evicted from your home, the automatic stay may provide some help -- but the new bankruptcy law makes it easier for landlords to proceed with evictions. If your landlord already has a judgment of possession against you when you file, the automatic stay won't affect these eviction proceedings; the landlord can continue just as if you hadn't filed for bankruptcy. And if the landlord alleges that you've been endangering the property or using controlled substances there, the automatic stay won't do you much good, either. In other cases, the automatic stay might buy you a few days or weeks, but the landlord will probably ask the court to lift the stay and allow the eviction -- and the court will probably agree to do so.
Collection of overpayments of public benefits. If you receive public benefits and were overpaid, normally the agency is entitled to collect the overpayment out of your future checks. The automatic stay prevents this collection. However, if you become ineligible for benefits, the automatic stay doesn't prevent the agency from denying or terminating benefits for that reason.
Multiple wage garnishments. Filing for bankruptcy stops garnishments dead in their tracks. (And not only will you take home a full salary, but you also may be able to discharge the debt in bankruptcy.) Although no more than 25% of your wages may be taken to satisfy court judgments (up to 50% for child support and alimony), many people file for bankruptcy if more than one wage garnishment is threatened.

What the Automatic Stay Cannot Prevent

In a few instances, the automatic stay won't help you.

Certain tax proceedings. The IRS can still audit you, issue a tax deficiency notice, demand a tax return (which often leads to an audit), issue a tax assessment, or demand payment of such an assessment. However, the automatic stay does stop the IRS from issuing a tax lien or seizing your property or income.
Support actions. A lawsuit against you seeking to establish paternity or to establish, modify, or collect child support or alimony isn't stopped by your filing for bankruptcy.
Criminal proceedings. A criminal proceeding that can be broken down into criminal and debt components will be divided, and the criminal component won't be stopped by the automatic stay. For example, if you were convicted of writing a bad check, sentenced to community service, and ordered to pay a fine, your obligation to do community service won't be stopped by your filing for bankruptcy.
Loans from a pension. Despite the automatic stay, money can be withheld from your income to repay a loan from certain types of pensions (including most job-related pensions and IRAs).
Multiple filings. If you had a bankruptcy case pending during the previous year, then the stay will automatically terminate after 30 days unless you, the trustee, the U.S. Trustee, or a creditor asks for the stay to continue and proves that the current case was filed in good faith. If a creditor had a motion to lift the stay pending during the previous case, the court will presume that you acted in bad faith, and you'll have to overcome this presumption to get the protection of the stay in your current case.

How Creditors Can Get Around the Automatic Stay

Usually, a creditor can get around the automatic stay by asking the bankruptcy court to remove ("lift") the stay, if it is not serving its intended purpose. For example, say you file for bankruptcy the day before your house is to be sold in foreclosure. You have no equity in the house, you can't pay your mortgage arrears, and you have no way of keeping the property. The foreclosing creditor is apt to go to court soon after you file for bankruptcy and ask for permission to proceed with the foreclosure -- and that permission is likely to be granted.

For More Information

For more information on the automatic stay and how it might apply in your situation, see The New Bankruptcy: Will It Work for You?, by attorney Stephen Elias.

Eliminating Tax Debts in Bankruptcy

Most taxes can't be eliminated in bankruptcy, but some can.

You may hear radio commercials offering the hope of eliminating tax debts in bankruptcy. But it's not as simple as it sounds. Most tax debts can't be wiped out in bankruptcy -- you'll continue to owe them at the end of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, or you'll have to repay them in full in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy repayment plan.

If you need to discharge tax debts, Chapter 7 bankruptcy will probably be the better option -- but only if your debts qualify for discharge (see below) and you are eligible for Chapter 7 bankruptcy .

When You Can Discharge a Tax Debt

You can discharge (wipe out) debts for federal income taxes in Chapter 7 bankruptcy only if all of the following conditions are true:

The taxes are income taxes. Taxes other than income, such as payroll taxes or fraud penalties, can never be eliminated in bankruptcy.
You did not commit fraud or willful evasion. If you filed a fraudulent tax return or otherwise willfully attempted to evade paying taxes, such as using a false Social Security number on your tax return, bankruptcy can't help.
The debt is at least three years old. To eliminate a tax debt, the tax return must have been originally due at least three years before you filed for bankruptcy.
You filed a tax return. You must have filed a tax return for the debt you wish to discharge at least two years before filing for bankruptcy.
You pass the "240-day rule." The income tax debt must have been assessed by the IRS at least 240 days before you file your bankruptcy petition, or must not have been assessed yet. (This time limit may be extended if the IRS suspended collection activity because of an offer in compromise or a previous bankruptcy filing.)

You Can't Discharge a Federal Tax Lien

If your taxes qualify for discharge in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, your victory may be bittersweet. This is because bankruptcy will not wipe out prior recorded tax liens. A Chapter 7 bankruptcy will wipe out your personal obligation to pay the debt, and prevent the IRS from going after your bank account or wages, but if the IRS recorded a tax lien on your property before you file for bankruptcy, the lien will remain on the property. In effect, this means you'll have to pay off the tax lien in order to sell the property.

For More Information

To find out more about which debts you can eliminate in bankruptcy, see The New Bankruptcy: Will It Work for You?, by attorney Stephen Elias (Nolo).

A Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Overview

How Chapter 7 bankruptcy works.

Chapter 7 bankruptcy is sometimes called "liquidation" bankruptcy -- it cancels your debts, but you might have to let the bankruptcy court liquidate (sell) some of your property for the benefit of your creditors. ("Chapter 7" refers to the chapter of the federal Bankruptcy Code that contains the bankruptcy law.)

Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Costs in Time and Money

The whole Chapter 7 bankruptcy process takes about four to six months, costs $299 in filing and administrative fees, and commonly requires only one trip to the courthouse.

You must also complete credit counseling with an agency approved by the United States Trustee. (For a list of approved agencies in each state, go to the Trustee's website, www.usdoj.gov/ust, and click "Credit Counseling and Debtor Education.")

Who Can File

You won't be able to use Chapter 7 bankruptcy if you already received a bankruptcy discharge in the last six to eight years (depending which type of bankruptcy you filed) or if, based on your income, expenses, and debt burden, you could feasibly complete a Chapter 13 repayment plan. (For more information on these eligibility requirements, see Chapter 7 Bankruptcy -- Who Can File?)

Bankruptcy Forms

To file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you fill out a petition and a number of other forms and file them with the bankruptcy court in your area. Basically, the forms ask you to describe:

your property
your current income and monthly living expenses
your debts
property you claim the law allows you to keep through the Chapter 7 bankruptcy process (called "exempt property") -- most states let you keep some equity in your home, clothing, household furnishings, Social Security payments you haven't spent, and other necessities such as a car and the tools of your trade.
property you owned and money you spent during the previous two years, and
property you sold or gave away during the previous two years.

You'll find step-by-step instructions for filling out all of the required forms in How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by Stephen Elias, Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard (Nolo).

Bankruptcy's Magic Wand -- The Automatic Stay

Filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy puts into effect an "Order for Relief" -- known informally as the "automatic stay." The automatic stay immediately stops most creditors from trying to collect what you owe them. So, at least temporarily, creditors cannot legally grab ("garnish") your wages, empty your bank account, go after your car, house, or other property, or cut off your utility service or welfare benefits. For more information, see How Bankruptcy Stops Your Creditors: The Automatic Stay.

Bankruptcy Court's Control Over Your Financial Affairs

By filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you are technically placing the property you own and the debts you owe in the hands of the bankruptcy court. You can't sell or give away any of the property you own when you file, or pay off your pre-filing debts, without the court's consent. However, with a few exceptions, you can do what you wish with property you acquire and income you earn after you file for bankruptcy.

The Bankruptcy Trustee for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

The court exercises its control through a court-appointed person called a "bankruptcy trustee." The trustee's primary duty is to see that your creditors are paid as much as possible on what you owe them. And the more assets the trustee recovers for creditors, the more the trustee is paid.

The trustee (or the trustee's staff) will examine your papers to make sure they are complete and to look for nonexempt property to sell for the benefit of creditors. The trustee will also look at your financial transactions during the previous year to see if any can be undone to free up assets to distribute to your creditors. In most Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases, the trustee finds nothing of value to sell.

The Creditors Meeting

A week or two after you file, you (and all the creditors you list in your bankruptcy papers) will receive a notice that a "creditors meeting" has been scheduled. The bankruptcy trustee runs the meeting and, after swearing you in, may ask you questions about your bankruptcy and the papers you filed. In the vast majority of Chapter 7 bankruptcies, this is the debtor's only visit to the courthouse.

What Happens to Your Property

If, after the creditors meeting, the trustee determines that you have some nonexempt property, you may be required to either surrender that property or provide the trustee with its equivalent value in cash. If the property isn't worth very much or would be cumbersome for the trustee to sell, the trustee may "abandon" the property -- which means that you get to keep it, even though it is nonexempt. (For information on which types of property are typically exempt, see When Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Isn't the Right Choice. However, which property is exempt varies by state -- you can find complete lists of exempt property for every state in How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by Stephen Elias, Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard (Nolo).)

Most property owned by Chapter 7 debtors is either exempt or is essentially worthless for purposes of raising money for the creditors. As a result, few debtors end up having to surrender any property, unless it is collateral for a secured debt (see below).

How Your Secured Debts Are Treated

If you've pledged property as collateral for a loan, the loan is called a secured debt. The most common examples of collateral are houses and automobiles. If you're behind on your payments, the creditor can ask to have the automatic stay lifted in order to repossess or foreclose on the property. However, if you are current on your payments, you can keep the property and keep making payments as before -- unless you have enough equity in the property to justify its sale by the trustee.

If a creditor has recorded a lien against your property because of a debt you haven't paid (for example, because the creditor obtained a court judgment against you), that debt is also secured. You may be able to wipe out the lien in Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

The Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Discharge

At the end of the bankruptcy process, all of your debts are wiped out (discharged) by the court, except:

debts that automatically survive bankruptcy, such as child support, most tax debts, and student loans, unless the court rules otherwise, and
debts that the court has declared nondischargeable because the creditor objected (for example, debts incurred by your fraud or malicious acts).

For more information and step-by-step help filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, see How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by Stephen Elias, Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard (Nolo).

Chapter 7 Bankruptcy -- Who Can File?

The bankruptcy "means test" and other Chapter 7 eligibility rules.

Filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy can be a powerful tool for dealing with overwhelming debt. But it isn't available to everyone. There are several situations in which you won't be allowed to file Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

You Have Enough Income to Repay Your Debts

Under the old bankruptcy rules, the bankruptcy judge had the power to dismiss a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case if he or she thought the debtor had sufficient disposable income to fund a Chapter 13 repayment plan. There were no hard and fast rules dictating when a judge should dismiss a case on these grounds -- it depended on the facts of the case and the attitude of the judge.

Now that the new bankruptcy law has gone into effect, however, there are clear criteria that dictate who will be allowed to stay in Chapter 7 bankruptcy -- and who will be forced to use Chapter 13 bankruptcy if they want to file. Disabled veterans whose debts were incurred during active duty and people whose debts come primarily from the operation of a business get a fast pass to Chapter 7 bankruptcy. All others must meet the requirements set out below.

How High is Your Income?

Under the new rules, the first step in figuring out whether you can file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy is to measure your "current monthly income" against the median income for a family of your size in your state. Your "current monthly income" is your average income over the last six months before you file. If your income is less than or equal to the median, you can file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

If your income is more than the median, however, you must pass "the means test" -- another requirement of the new law -- in order to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Do You Have Enough Disposable Income to Repay Some Debts?

The purpose of the means test is to figure out whether you have enough disposable income, after subtracting certain allowed expenses and required debt payments, to repay at least a portion of your unsecured debts over a five-year repayment period.

For much more information on these new requirements, including detailed worksheets that will help you figure out whether you can use Chapter 7 bankruptcy, see How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by Attorneys Stephen Elias, Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard (Nolo).

You Previously Received a Bankruptcy Discharge

You cannot file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy if you obtained a discharge of your debts in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case within the last eight years, or a Chapter 13 case within the last six years.

A Previous Bankruptcy Was Dismissed Within the Previous 180 Days

You cannot file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy if a previous Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 case was dismissed within the past 180 days because:

you violated a court order
the court ruled that your filing was fraudulent or constituted an abuse of the bankruptcy system, or
you requested the dismissal after a creditor asked for relief from the automatic stay.

You Defrauded Your Creditors

A bankruptcy court may dismiss your case if it thinks you have tried to cheat your creditors or concealed assets so you can keep them for yourself.

Certain activities are red flags to the courts and trustees. If you have engaged in any of them during the past year, your bankruptcy case may be dismissed. These no-nos include:

unloading assets to your friends or relatives to hide them from creditors or from the bankruptcy court
running up debts for luxury items when you were clearly broke and had no way to pay them off
concealing property or money from your spouse during a divorce proceeding, or
lying about your income or debts on a credit application.

In addition, you must sign your bankruptcy papers under "penalty of perjury" swearing that everything in them is true. If you deliberately fail to disclose property, omit material information about your financial affairs, or use a false Social Security number (to hide your identity as a prior filer), and the court discovers your action, your case will be dismissed and you may be prosecuted for fraud.

The Bankruptcy Means Test: Is Your Income Low Enough for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy?

A means test calculator can determine whether you qualify for Chapter 7 bankruptcy -- try one online.

The "means test" is a formula designed to keep filers with higher incomes from filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Only bankruptcy filers with primarily consumer debts, not business debts, need to take the means test. High income filers who fail the means test may use Chapter 13 bankruptcy to repay a portion of their debts, but may not use Chapter 7 bankruptcy to wipe out their debts altogether.

However, having to take the Chapter 7 means test doesn't mean that you must be penniless in order to use Chapter 7 bankruptcy. You can earn significant monthly income and still qualify for Chapter 7 bankruptcy if you have a lot of expenses, such as a high mortgage payment. This article shows you simple ways to determine whether you can pass the means test -- and, therefore, use Chapter 7 -- if you were to file for bankruptcy.

How Does the Chapter 7 Means Test Work?

The means test was designed to limit the use of Chapter 7 bankruptcy to those who truly can't pay their debts. It does this by deducting specific monthly expenses from your "current monthly income" (your average income over the six calendar months before you file for bankruptcy) to arrive at your monthly "disposable income." The higher your disposable income, the more likely you won’t be allowed to use Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

To take the means test, you must first determine whether your income is more or less than the median income in your state. If you earn more than the median, you must figure out whether you would have enough left over, after subtracting certain expenses, to repay some of your debt.

Is Your Income More Than the Median?

The first step is simple: If your current monthly income is less than the median income for a household of your size in for your state, you pass. Period. You're done. You do not need to complete the rest of the means test. You can file for Chapter 7.

Do You Have Enough Disposable Income to Repay Some Debts?

For those whose household income exceeds the state median, the means test computations get significantly more complex. You must determine whether you have enough income left over (called "disposable income"), after paying your "allowed" monthly expenses, to pay off at least a portion of your unsecured debts (such as credit card bills). If your disposable income adds up to more than a certain amount, you fail the means test and cannot file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Median income levels vary by state and household size, and each county and metropolitan region has different allowed amounts for categories of expenses: basic necessities, housing, and transportation. But don't worry: You can get through the math with the help of an online calculator.

Use a Chapter 7 Means Test Online Calculator

If you're looking for an easy way to determine your eligibility under the Chapter 7 means test, use our online means test calculator, created by the author of Nolo's book How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, Albin Renauer, J.D. Once you enter your zip code, the calculator uses the applicable income and expense standards for your state, county, and region to determine your eligibility.

You’ll have to supply some income and expense information, but the calculator will save you the trouble of looking up income and expense figures for your area and doing the math. And, if you decide to file for Chapter7 bankruptcy, you can use these figures on your official paperwork (the calculator closely follows the format of the means test form, Official Form 22A, that you must complete when you file for bankruptcy).

If You Pass the Chapter 7 Means Test

Just because you qualify under the means test does not necessarily mean you should file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy -- merely that you can. Any decision to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy should be made only after considering alternatives and other factors discussed in other articles on this website or in Nolo's The New Bankruptcy: Will It Work for You?, by Attorney Stephen Elias.

Once you've made your decision to go ahead and file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, Nolo's book How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by Stephen Elias, Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard, can walk you step by step through the filing process.

If You Don't Pass the Chapter 7 Means Test

If you don’t pass the means test, you are limited to using Chapter 13 bankruptcy, which requires you to make monthly payments over a five-year period according to a strict budget monitored by the court. Most people who file for bankruptcy prefer Chapter 7, which requires no repayment. However, Chapter 13 bankruptcy is still the best way to handle specific types of problems, like curing a default on a mortgage. (See Reasons to Use Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Instead of Chapter 7 Bankruptcy.)

For help filing a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, see Nolo's Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Repay Your Debts, by Stephen Elias and Robin Leonard.

When Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Isn't the Right Choice

Chapter 7 bankruptcy may make you sacrifice property, yet not discharge all your debt.

If you are inclined to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, take a moment to decide whether it makes economic sense. You need to consider three questions:

Are you judgment proof -- that is, are creditors legally barred from taking your property or income even if you don't file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy?
Will Chapter 7 bankruptcy discharge enough of your debts to make it worth your while?
Will you have to give up property you really want to keep?

Are You Judgment Proof?

Most unsecured creditors are required to obtain a court judgment before they can start collection procedures, such as a wage garnishment or seizure of personal property. (Collections for taxes, child support, and student loans are exceptions to this general rule.)

If your debts are mainly of the type that require a judgment, the next question is whether you have any income or property that your creditors can seize if they go to the trouble of obtaining a judgment. For instance, if all of your income comes from Social Security (which can’t be taken by creditors), and all of your property is exempt, there is nothing your creditors can take from you to satisfy their judgment. That makes you "judgment proof."

While you may still wish to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy to get a fresh start, nothing bad will happen to you if you don’t file, no matter how much you owe.

Will Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Discharge Enough of Your Debts?

Certain categories of debts cannot be discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy. It doesn't make much sense to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy if your primary goal is to eliminate these nondischargeable debts. The main nondischargeable debts are:

back child support and alimony obligations
student loans, unless repayment would cause you undue hardship
income taxes less than three years past due
recent debts for luxuries (more than $550 to any one creditor incurred within 90 days before you file for bankruptcy, and cash advances of more than $825 within 70 days before you file), and
court judgments for injuries or death to someone arising from your intoxicated driving.

The bankruptcy judge may rule some types of debts as nondischargeable if the creditor objects to a discharge in the bankruptcy court. These debts include:

debts incurred on the basis of fraud, such as lying on a credit application or writing a bad check
debts from willful or malicious injury to another or another's property
debts from larceny (theft), breach of trust, or embezzlement, or
debts arising out of a marital settlement agreement or divorce decree that aren't otherwise automatically nondischargeable as support or alimony.

If the bulk of your indebtedness is from debts that creditors may object to being discharged, it may still make sense to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and hope your creditors don't object.

Codebtors will still be on the hook. If you want to discharge debts for which you have a codebtor (such as someone who cosigned a loan for you, or a business partner who is equally liable for the debt), bankruptcy won't wipe out the debt. If the debt is of a type that can be discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you will no longer be legally responsible for paying it, but your codebtor will.

How Much Property Will You Have to Give Up?

Whether or not you decide to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy may depend on what property of yours will be taken to pay your creditors ("nonexempt" property) and what property you get to keep ("exempt" property).

Certain kinds of property are exempt in almost every state, while others are almost never exempt. The following are items you can typically keep (exempt property):

motor vehicles, up to a certain value
reasonably necessary clothing (no mink coats)
reasonably needed household furnishings and goods (the second TV may have to go)
household appliances
jewelry, up to a certain value
personal effects
life insurance (cash or loan value, or the proceeds of life insurance), up to a certain value
pensions
part of the equity in your home
tools of your trade or profession, up to a certain value
a portion of unpaid but earned wages, and
public benefits (welfare, Social Security, unemployment compensation) accumulated in a bank account.

Items you must typically give up (nonexempt property) include:

expensive musical instruments (unless you're a professional musician)
stamp, coin, and other collections
family heirlooms
cash, bank accounts, stocks, bonds, and other investments
a second car or truck, and
a second or vacation home.

Is Chapter 7 Bankruptcy More Than You Need?

You may be considering bankruptcy just to stop harassment by your creditors. However, in most cases, you can stop creditors from making telephone calls to your home or work by simply telling them to stop. For more information, see What to Do If a Bill Collector Crosses the Line.

Deciding Whether to File Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

If you determine that you are judgment proof, that you'll be stuck with significant debt following bankruptcy, or that you may have to give up too much property, Chapter 7 bankruptcy may not make sense for you. For a discussion of other options, including the possibility of doing nothing, see Alternatives to Bankruptcy.

When Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Is Better than Chapter 13 Bankruptcy

Chapter 7 bankruptcy has some significant advantages over Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

Most people who file for bankruptcy choose Chapter 7 bankruptcy because it's fast, effective, easy to file, and doesn't require payments over time.

Advantages of Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

A typical Chapter 7 bankruptcy case is opened and closed within three to six months, and the person filing emerges debt-free except for a mortgage, car payments, and certain types of debts that survive bankruptcy, such as student loans, recent taxes, and unpaid child support.

Although you can lose property in Chapter 7 bankruptcy, most filers don't. Bankruptcy lets you keep most necessities -- if you have little to begin with, chances are good you'll be able to keep all or most of your property (unless you pledged the item as collateral for a loan).

However, not everyone is eligible to use Chapter 7 bankruptcy. If your income is sufficient to fund a Chapter 13 repayment plan, after subtracting what you'll spend on certain allowed expenses and monthly payments for child support, tax debts, secured debts (such as a mortgage or car loan), and a few other types of debts, you won't be allowed to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Drawbacks of Chapter 13 Bankruptcy

Probably the main reason most people prefer Chapter 7 bankruptcy is that it doesn't require you to repay any portion of your debts, as Chapter 13 bankruptcy does. And if you use Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you must complete the entire three- to five-year repayment plan in order to have your remaining debts discharged (unless the court lets you off the hook early, for hardship reasons). The majority of those who file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy don't complete their plans, so filers run a very real risk that their debts won't ultimately be discharged.

Despite this major potential drawback, there are some good reasons why people who are eligible for both types of bankruptcy choose to use Chapter 13.

For More Information

For help filing a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, see How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by Stephen Elias, Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard (Nolo).

What Happens to Your Car in Chapter 7 Bankruptcy?

by Attorney Stephen R. Elias

Chapter 7 bankruptcy allows you to keep or surrender your car or truck.

People often wonder how Chapter 7 bankruptcy will affect their ability to keep their car. If you aren't making payments on a car, then you'll be able to keep it if its value falls under your state's vehicle exemption amount. However, if you are making payments on your car, it's not so simple. During your bankruptcy, you'll need to decide whether you want to surrender the vehicle or keep it by continuing to make payments. You let the bankruptcy court know what you want to do by filing an official form called the Statement of Intention (SOI) with your other bankruptcy papers, as well as mailing a separate copy of the SOI to your vehicle lender. Similarly, if you are leasing your car, you can either reject the lease on your SOI or can keep the car by assuming the lease.

Walking Away From the Car

If you want to walk away from the car, you list the lender on your SOI and state that you intend to surrender the vehicle -- that is, turn it in to the lender. This will clear you of any further liability on the debt after your bankruptcy. If you are leasing your car, you can get out of the lease by rejecting the lease on your SOI.

Keeping a Car You're Still Paying For

If you want to keep a car you are making payments on, no matter what else is going on in your bankruptcy, you should continue to make your payments as scheduled. You do have a choice, however, on how to keep the car: You can either pay the lender a lump sum to purchase the car at its current value (called redemption ), or enter into a new contract (called a reaffirmation agreement), which lets you keep your car under much the same terms as your original car's promissory note (although this is negotiable).

Sometimes your lender will let you keep the car without entering into a reaffirmation agreement, by simply allowing you to continue to make the payments under the old agreement (this is called the ride-through option). If your lender has been accepting your payments, it's a sign that you may be able to retain the vehicle and continue making payments without entering into a new reaffirmation agreement.

Negotiating With the Lender to Keep the Car

To find out whether your lender will require a new contract, call them and ask for the bankruptcy or loss mitigation department. Explain that you intend to file for bankruptcy and ask whether you need to reaffirm the promissory note or can instead retain the car and continue making payments without reaffirming.

If the lender agrees to let you retain the car and pay according to the old agreement, the lender will still have a lien and can repossess the car if you default on your payments. But if the car is repossessed (or if you decide to give it back), you won't have to worry about still owing a deficiency on the car (the amount of the loan minus what the lender can sell the car for) -- that will be wiped out after your bankruptcy case is over.

If the lender requires you to reaffirm the promissory note and you do reaffirm it, consider carefully whether you want to do this. The lender will have a right to repossess the car if you default on your payments and you will owe any deficiency that remains on your loan if that happens. If you want to reaffirm your loan, you'll take the following steps.

Negotiate the Reaffirmation Agreement

First, you'll state on your Statement of Intention that you intend to reaffirm the promissory note. Then, the lender will send you an agreement setting out the same or similar terms as your old agreement. At this point you should consider negotiating the terms more to your advantage. You do have some leverage here, because the lender knows that bankruptcy gives you the option of surrendering the car and canceling all liability. Lenders lose a lot of money on repossessions, so they have an incentive to cut you a better deal, such as reducing the principal of the loan to the car's current value. Don't be afraid to attempt to negotiate for this. All the lender can do is say "No." If the lender does say "No," you may want to consider surrendering the car at this point, and let the bankruptcy erase your liability for the remaining payments on the loan.

Have the Court Review the Reaffirmation Agreement

Once you and the lender have agreed on the terms of the reaffirmation agreement, you'll sign the agreement and file it with the court. At the "discharge hearing," near the end of your bankruptcy, the judge will decide whether the agreement should be enforced. After considering your income, the amount you owe on the car, and its value, the judge may decide that the reaffirmation will create an undue hardship for you or be against your best interests. If you still owe much more than the car's value, a judge might disallow the reaffirmation.

What Happens If the Judge Approves the Reaffirmation

If the judge approves the reaffirmation agreement, you will continue to be liable under its terms after your bankruptcy ends. For instance, if you have to give the car back due to a loss of income, at a time when you owe $25,000 under the agreement and your car is worth only $10,000, you'll be on the hook for the $15,000 deficiency. Remember that because you can't file another Chapter 7 bankruptcy for eight years, you could be back where you started before you filed for bankruptcy (another reason why a judge might not approve the reaffirmation in the first place).

What Happens If the Judge Disapproves the Reaffirmation

If the judge disapproves the reaffirmation agreement, you don't necessarily lose the car. According to several bankruptcy court opinions, you can keep the car as long as you remain current on your payments. These courts reason that as long as you do what is required of you by the bankruptcy code (state your intention to reaffirm, sign and file the reaffirmation agreement, and attend the discharge hearing), the fact that judge disapproves the agreement is beyond your control and should not result in your having to give up your car. All of this is conditioned, of course, on staying current on your payments. (See In re Moustafi, 371 Bankruptcy Reporter 434 (Bankr Ariz 2007).) You can read this case at www.georgiabankruptcyblog.com/moustafi.pdf. Paradoxically, if the judge disapproves the agreement, you will probably be better off, because you will be left with the practical equivalent of the ride-through option, meaning that you won't owe a deficiency should the car have to be surrendered or repossessed.

Where to Go for More Information

For more information on redeeming and reaffirming secured property in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, see How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy (Nolo), by attorneys Stephen Elias, Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard.

An Overview of Chapter 13 Bankruptcy

The basic steps involved in a typical Chapter 13 bankruptcy case.

Chapter 13 bankruptcy, sometimes called reorganization bankruptcy, is quite different from Chapter 7 bankruptcy. In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, most of your debts are wiped out; in exchange, you must relinquish any property that isn't exempt from seizure by your creditors. In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you don't have to hand over any property, but you must use your income to pay some or all of what you owe to your creditors over time -- from three to five years, depending on the size of your debts and income.

Chapter 13 Eligibility

Chapter 13 bankruptcy isn't for everyone. Because Chapter 13 requires you to use your income to repay some or all of your debt, you'll have to prove to the court that you can afford to meet your payment obligations. If your income is irregular or too low, the court might not allow you to file for Chapter 13.

If your total debt burden is too high, you are also ineligible. Your secured debts cannot exceed $1,010,650, and your unsecured debts cannot be more than $336,900. A "secured debt" is one that gives a creditor the right to take a specific item of property (such as your house or car) if you don't pay the debt. An "unsecured debt" (such as a credit card or medical bill) doesn't give the creditor this right.

The Chapter 13 Process

Before you can file for bankruptcy, you must receive credit counseling from an agency approved by the United States Trustee's office. (For a list of approved agencies, go to the Trustee's website at www.usdoj.gov/ust and click "Credit Counseling and Debtor Education.") These agencies are allowed to charge a fee for their services, but they must provide counseling for free or at reduced rates if you cannot afford to pay.

In addition, you'll have to pay the filing fee, which is currently $274, and file numerous forms. For line-by-line instructions on filling out the required bankruptcy forms, see Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Keep Your Property & Repay Debts Over Time, by Stephen Elias and Robin Leonard (Nolo).

The Chapter 13 Repayment Plan

The most important part of your Chapter 13 paperwork will be a repayment plan. Your repayment plan will describe in detail how (and how much) you will pay each of your debts. There is no official form for the plan, but many courts have designed their own forms.

How Much You Must Pay

Your Chapter 13 plan must pay certain debts in full. These debts are called "priority debts," because they're considered sufficiently important to jump to the head of the bankruptcy repayment line. Priority debts include child support and alimony, wages you owe to employees, and certain tax obligations.

In addition, your plan must include your regular payments on secured debts, such as a car loan or mortgage, as well as repayment of any arrearages on the debts (the amount by which you've fallen behind in your payments).

The plan must show that any disposable income you have left after making these required payments will go towards repaying your unsecured debts, such as credit card or medical bills. You don't have to repay these debts in full (or at all, in some cases). You just have to show that you are putting any remaining income towards their repayment.

How Long Your Repayment Plan Will Last

The length of your repayment plan depends on how much you earn and how much you owe. If your average monthly income over the six months prior to the date you filed for bankruptcy is more than the median income for your state, you'll have to propose a five-year plan. If your income is lower than the median, you may propose a three-year plan. (To get the median income figures for your state, go to the United States Trustee's website, www.usdoj.gov/ust, and click "Means Testing Information.")

No matter how much you earn, your plan will end if you repay all of your debts in full, even if you have not yet reached the three- or five-year mark.

If You Can’t Make Plan Payments

If for some reason you cannot finish a Chapter 13 repayment plan -- for example, you lose your job six months into the plan and can’t keep up the payments -- the bankruptcy trustee may modify your plan, or the court might let you discharge your debts on the basis of hardship. Examples of hardship would be a sudden plant closing in a one-factory town or a debilitating illness.

If the bankruptcy court won’t let you modify your plan or give you a hardship discharge, you might be able to convert to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy or ask the bankruptcy court to dismiss your Chapter 13 bankruptcy case (you would still owe your debts, plus any interest creditors did not charge while your Chapter 13 case was pending). For information on your alternatives in this situation, see Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Keep Your Property & Repay Debts Over Time, by Stephen Elias and Robin Leonard (Nolo).

How a Chapter 13 Case Ends

Once you complete your repayment plan, all remaining debts that are eligible for discharge will be wiped out. Before you can receive a discharge, you must show the court that you are current on your child support and/or alimony obligations and that you have completed a budget counseling course with an agency approved by the United States Trustee. (This requirement is separate from the mandatory credit counseling you must undergo before filing for bankruptcy -- you can find a list of approved agencies at the Trustee's website, www.usdoj.gov/ust; click "Credit Counseling and Debtor Education.")

For more information, see Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Keep Your Property & Repay Debts Over Time, by Stephen Elias and Robin Leonard (Nolo).

Are You Eligible for Chapter 13 Bankruptcy?

Learn whether Chapter 13 bankruptcy is an option for you.

Chapter 13 bankruptcy is a good option for some debtors, but it isn't available to everyone.

Businesses Can't File for Chapter 13 Bankruptcy

A business, even a sole proprietorship, cannot file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy in the name of that business. Businesses are steered toward Chapter 11 bankruptcy when they need help reorganizing their debts.

If you own a business, however, you can file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy as an individual. You can include in your Chapter 13 bankruptcy case business-related debts for which you are personally liable. There is one exception to this rule: Stockbrokers and commodity brokers cannot file a Chapter 13 bankruptcy case, even if they want to discharge only personal (nonbusiness) debts.

You Must Have Sufficient Disposable Income

In order to qualify for Chapter 13, you will have to show the bankruptcy court that you will have enough income, after subtracting certain allowed expenses and required payments on secured debts (such as a car loan or mortgage), to meet your repayment obligations. Your plan must pay back certain debts in full, or the judge will not confirm (approve) it and allow you to proceed.

You can use the income from the following sources to fund a Chapter 13 plan:

regular wages or salary
income from self-employment
wages from seasonal work
commissions from sales or other work
pension payments
Social Security benefits
disability or workers' compensation benefits
unemployment benefits, strike benefits, and the like
public benefits (welfare payments)
child support or alimony you receive
royalties and rents, and
proceeds from selling property, especially if selling property is your primary business.

If you are married, your income does not necessarily have to be "yours." A nonworking spouse can file alone and use money from a working spouse as a source of income. And an unemployed spouse can file jointly with a working spouse.

Your Debts Must Not Be Too High

You do not qualify for Chapter 13 bankruptcy if your secured debts exceed $1,010,650. (This amount is adjusted for inflation every three years; the last increase took effect on April 1, 2007.) A debt is secured if you stand to lose specific property if you don't make your payments to the creditor. Home loans and car loans are the most common examples of secured debts. But a debt might also be secured if a creditor -- such as the IRS -- has filed a lien (notice of claim) against your property.

In addition, for you to be eligible for Chapter 13 bankruptcy, your unsecured debts cannot exceed $336,900. (This amount is also increased every three years.) An unsecured debt doesn't give the creditor a right to take a particular piece of property. Most debts are unsecured, including credit card debts, medical and legal bills, back utility bills, and department store charges.

You Must Be Current on Your Income Tax Filings

To file for Chapter 13, you will have to submit proof that you filed your federal and state income tax returns for the four tax years prior to your bankruptcy filing date. If you need some time to get current on your filings, the court can postpone the proceedings. Ultimately, however, if you don't produce your returns or transcripts of the returns for those four years, your Chapter 13 case will be dismissed.

Want to Learn More?

For more information on Chapter 13's eligibility requirements, see Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Keep Your Property & Repay Debts Over Time, by Robin Leonard and Stephen Elias (Nolo).

Reasons to Use Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Instead of Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

Sometimes it makes sense to file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy instead of Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Many debtors choose not to file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy because it requires repayment of at least a portion of their debts (unlike Chapter 7 bankruptcy, which wipes out many debts entirely ).

In some situations, however, Chapter 13 bankruptcy is the better bankruptcy option. Not only that, but certain debtors don't get to choose: Not everyone is eligible for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, so Chapter 13 will by the only option available to some filers.

Here are some good reasons to file for Chapter 13:

You cannot file for Chapter 7. You won't be allowed to file for Chapter 7 if you cannot meet some new requirements imposed by the 2005 revisions to the bankruptcy law. Under these new rules, you cannot file for Chapter 7 if both of the following are true:

Your current monthly income over the six months prior to your filing date is more than the median income for a household of your size in your state (go to the website of the United States Trustee, www.usdoj.gov/ust, and click "Means Testing Information" to see the median figures for your state).
Your disposable income, after subtracting certain expenses and monthly payments for debts you would have to repay in Chapter 13, exceeds certain limits set by law. These calculations are commonly referred to as the "means test" -- if you have the means to repay a certain amount of your debt through a Chapter 13 repayment plan, you flunk the test and are ineligible for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. (For more information, including a link to an online calculator you can use to see whether you pass the means test, see The Bankruptcy Means Test: Is Your Income Low Enough for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy?)

The means test can get fairly complex -- and, to make matter worse, Congress has its own definitions of "disposable income," "current monthly income," "expenses," and other important terms, which sometimes operate to make your income seem higher than it actually is. You can find step-by-step instructions to determine if you qualify for Chapter 7 under these new rules in How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, by attorney Stephen Elias, attorney Albin Renauer, and Robin Leonard, J.D. (Nolo).

In addition, if you have received a Chapter 7 bankruptcy discharge within the last eight years, or a Chapter 13 discharge within the last six years, you may not file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

You are behind on your mortgage or car loan, and want to make up the missed payments over time and reinstate the original agreement. You cannot do this in Chapter 7 bankruptcy. You can make up missed payments only in Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

You have a tax obligation, student loan, or other debt that cannot be discharged in Chapter 7. You can include these debts in your Chapter 13 plan and pay them off over time.

You have a sincere desire to repay your debts, but you need the protection of the bankruptcy court to do so. This might be the case if creditors are coming after you, or if you simply require the formal structure and deadlines the Chapter 13 process provides in order to follow through on your good intentions.

You have nonexempt property that you want to keep. When you file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you get to keep only exempt property -- property that is protected from creditors under state or federal law. You have to give your nonexempt property to the bankruptcy trustee, who can sell it and distribute the proceeds to your creditors.

In Chapter 13, you don't have to give up any property. Instead, you repay your debts out of your income. So, if you have nonexempt property that you can't bear to part with, Chapter 13 might be the better choice.

You have a codebtor on a personal debt. If you file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, your codebtor will still be on the hook -- and your creditor will undoubtedly go after the codebtor for payment. If you file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy, the creditor will leave your codebtor alone, as long as you keep up with your bankruptcy plan payments.

For more help deciding which bankruptcy is right for you, see The New Bankruptcy: Will It Work for You?, by attorney Stephen Elias (Nolo). Or, for help filing Chapter 13, see Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Repay Your Debts, by attorney Stephen Elias and Robin Leonard, J.D. (Nolo).

Your Obligations Under a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Plan

Learn which debts you must pay back when you file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

To begin a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you fill out a packet of forms -- mostly the same forms as you would use in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy -- listing your income, property, expenses, and debts. You file these forms and paperwork with a nearby bankruptcy court. You must also file a workable payment plan proposing how you plan to handle your debts over the payment plan period.

You must also file your tax return for the previous year, proof that you've filed your tax returns for the last four years, and a certificate showing that you've completed credit counseling with an agency approved by the United States Trustee (go to www.usdoj.gov/ust, then click "Credit Counseling and Debtor Education" for a list of approved agencies).

Under a Chapter 13 plan, you make payments, usually monthly, to the bankruptcy trustee, an official appointed by the bankruptcy court to oversee your case. The trustee in turn pays your creditors and collects a statutory commission based on the amounts paid out under your plan. You must make every payment, on time, in order to successfully complete your plan and get a discharge of your remaining debts.

How Much You'll Have to Pay

Some creditors are entitled to receive 100% of what you owe them, while others may receive a much smaller percentage (or nothing at all). Typically, Chapter 13 bankruptcy plans must provide that:

Administrative claims will be paid 100%. These include:

your filing fee ($274)
the trustee's commission (3% to 10% of each monthly payment), and
attorney's fees, if you hire an attorney for help with your Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

Priority debts will be paid 100%. These include:

back alimony and child support
most tax debts (including state and federal income taxes)
wages, salaries, or commissions you owe to employees, and
contributions you owe to an employee benefit fund.

Mortgage defaults will be paid 100% if you want to keep your house.

Other secured debt defaults will be paid 100% if you want to keep the property. Missed car payments fall into this category.

Unsecured debts will be paid anywhere from 0% to 100% of what you owe. The exact amount depends on:

the total value of your nonexempt property
the amount of disposable income you have each month to put toward your debts, and
how long your plan lasts.

Disposable Income

Your payment plan must commit to paying any leftover disposable income (your income less certain allowed expenses and payments on secured loans, such as a mortgage or car loan) towards your unsecured debts, such as credit card debts and medical bills.

Length of Payment Plan

The length of your payment plan depends on your income level. If your "current monthly income" (your average income over the six months prior to filing) exceeds the median monthly income for a household of your size in your state, your plan must last five years. If your income is less than the median, you can propose a three-year plan, even if your unsecured creditors cannot be fully repaid during that time. (To find the median income figures for your state, go to the United States Trustee's website, www.usdoj.gov/ust, and click "Means Testing Information.")

Your "current" monthly income might be out of date. Because your current monthly income, as calculated above, is an average, it may well be more than your actual monthly income at the time you file. For instance, if you were laid off unexpectedly three months before filing, your monthly income when you file may be quite low -- as compared to your average income over the last six months, which will have to include three months of your salary.

No Surrender of Property

If you file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you don't have to hand over any of your property; instead, you repay your debts out of your income. In exchange for getting to keep your property, your plan will have to pay your creditors at least the value of your nonexempt property. (In Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you must surrender your nonexempt property to the trustee, who can sell it and distribute the proceeds to your creditors. You do get to keep property that is exempt .)

For more information on Chapter 13 bankruptcy, see Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: Repay Your Debts, by attorney Stephen Elias and Robin Leonard, J.D.

Bankruptcy FAQ (Chapter 7 and Chapter 13)

Chapter 7 bankruptcy and Chapter 13 bankruptcy: what you need to know.

What's Below:

What exactly is bankruptcy? Will it wipe out all my debts?

What is the difference between Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy? Which one lets me keep my property?

Am I free to choose between Chapter 7 bankruptcy and Chapter 13 bankruptcy? Which type of bankruptcy should I use?

What exactly is bankruptcy? Will it wipe out all my debts?

Bankruptcy is a federal court process designed to help consumers and businesses eliminate their debts or repay them under the protection of the bankruptcy court. Bankruptcies can generally be described as "liquidation" (Chapter 7) or "reorganization" (Chapter 13). Under a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you ask the bankruptcy court to wipe out (discharge) the debts you owe. Under a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you file a plan with the bankruptcy court proposing how you will repay your creditors. You must repay some debts in full; others may be repaid only partially or not at all, depending on what you can afford.

When you file either kind of bankruptcy, a court order called an "automatic stay" goes into effect. The automatic stay prohibits most creditors from taking any action to collect the debts you owe them unless the bankruptcy court lifts the stay and lets the creditor proceed with collections.

Certain debts cannot be discharged in bankruptcy; you will continue to owe them just as if you had never filed for bankruptcy. These debts include back child support, alimony, and certain kinds of tax debts. Student loans will not be discharged unless you can show that repaying the debt would be an undue burden, which is a very tough standard to meet. And other types of debts might not be discharged if a creditor convinces the court that the debt should survive your bankruptcy.

What is the difference between Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy? Which one lets me keep my property?

In Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you ask the bankruptcy court to discharge most of the debts you owe. In exchange for this discharge, the bankruptcy trustee can take any property you own that is not exempt from collection (see below), sell it, and distribute the proceeds to your creditors.

In Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you file a repayment plan with the bankruptcy court to pay back all or a portion of your debts over time. The amount you'll have to repay depends on how much you earn, the amount and types of debt you owe, and how much property you own.

You lose no property in Chapter 13 bankruptcy, because you fund your repayment plan through your income. In Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you select property you are eligible to keep from a list of state exemptions. Although state exemption laws differ, states typically allow you to keep these types of property in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy:

Equity in your home, called a homestead exemption. Under the Bankruptcy Code, you can exempt up to $20,200 of equity. Some states have no homestead exemption; others allow debtors to protect all or most of the equity in their home.
Insurance. You usually get to keep the cash value of your policies.
Retirement plans. Most retirement benefits are protected in bankruptcy.
Personal property. You'll be able to keep most household goods, furniture, furnishings, clothing (other than furs), appliances, books and musical instruments. You may be able to keep jewelry only worth up to $1,000 or so. Most states let you keep a vehicle as long as your equity doesn't exceed several thousand dollars. And many states give you a "wild card" amount of money -- often $1,000 or more -- that you can apply toward any property.
Public benefits. All public benefits, such as welfare, Social Security, and unemployment insurance, are fully protected.
Tools used on your job. You'll probably be able to keep up to a few thousand dollars worth of the tools used in your trade or profession.

Am I free to choose between Chapter 7 bankruptcy and Chapter 13 bankruptcy? Which type of bankruptcy should I use?

If you meet the eligibility requirements for both types of bankruptcy, then you can choose the type of bankruptcy that makes the most sense for your situation. However, you may not have a choice.

Under the new bankruptcy law, filers whose incomes are higher than the median income for a family of their size in their state may not be allowed to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy if their disposable income, after subtracting certain allowed expenses and required debt payments, would allow them to pay back some portion of the unsecured debt over a five-year repayment period.

Also, if you have secured debts of more than $1,010,650 and unsecured debts of more than $336,900, for example, then you cannot use Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

Most people who file for bankruptcy choose to use Chapter 7, if they meet the eligibility requirements; Chapter 7 is a popular choice because, unlike Chapter 13, it doesn't require filers to pay back any portion of their debts.

However, Chapter 13 might be a better choice, depending on your situation. For example, if you are behind on your mortgage and want to keep your house, you can include your missed payments in your Chapter 13 plan and repay them over time. In Chapter 7, you would have to make up the whole past due amount right away -- and you might lose your house, if your equity exceeds the exemption amount available to you. For more on situations when Chapter 13 makes sense, see Reasons to Use Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Instead of Chapter 7 Bankruptcy.

The Bankruptcy Law Clinic of Daniel E. Raskin

Attorneys and Counselors at Law

325 Hammond Drive

Suite 114

Atlanta, GA 30328

Tel: 404-255-8878

Fax: 404-255-8845

E-mail: draskin@raskin-law.com